Multi-functional orthopedic surgical instrument and method of using same

ABSTRACT

An apparatus has been developed to enable a surgeon to perform multiple orthopedic surgical operations, such as orthopedic surgical resectioning, total joint replacement and fixation of fractures, based on a single reference point. The apparatus is adjustable to conform to the needs and dimensions of individual patients and the surgical procedure(s) to be performed. The apparatus includes a support adapted for insertion into and alignment within the medullary cavity of a patient&#39;s bone. The support is capable of expanding into the bone so that the support is fixed within the bone and alignable to the bone. The support may be implanted to align a fractured bone, or extend a distance beyond its fixed position within the medullary cavity to provide a known surgical reference point. The apparatus includes one or more cutting guides mountable on the support and used in performing the desired surgical procedure(s). The cutting guides are positionable with respect to the known surgical reference point created by the support which enables the user to accurately position and secure various instruments at the desired position about the patient&#39;s anatomy.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO PRIOR APPLICATIONS

This is a divisional application claiming benefit of U.S. applicationSer. No. 09/747,047, filed Dec. 21, 2000 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,613,052,which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH STATEMENT

Not applicable.

REFERENCE TO AN APPENDIX

Not applicable.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a multi-functional surgical instrument forperforming orthopedic surgical resectioning, total joint replacement andfixation of fractures. The invention also relates to a method ofresectioning the femur and/or tibia bones in preparation forimplantation of a knee prosthesis.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Surgical manipulation of joints and bones requires efficient andaccurate instruments adaptable to an individual patient. Such surgeriesdirectly affect the alignment of the patient's bones and the function ofrelated joints which, in turn, impact the patient's pain, range ofmotion, ambulation and more. Surgical instruments have been developed toassist surgeons in performing orthopedic surgeries, such as thereconstruction of fractured bones, the preparation of bones and theimplantation of total joint prostheses. These surgeries involve delicateprocedures that are necessary to enable patients to move properly andwithout pain. The accuracy of surgical cuts to the patient's bones isimportant in assuring proper bone alignment and the best possible fitand alignment of any implanted prostheses. Moreover, it is important tothe success of the operation that the number of surgical manipulationsbe reduced to shorten surgical time, prevent blood loss or infection,reduce anesthesia and eliminate further violation or manipulation ofsoft tissue or bone.

A typical orthopedic surgical instrument used for resectioning jointsurfaces during knee surgery involves mounting a cutting fixture to apatient's femur to determine where to make cuts to the femur and/oradjacent tibia. These devices provide surgical references used forcutting the distal end of a femur and/or the proximal end of an adjacenttibia to create a surface to implant a knee prosthesis. However, theseinstruments typically have limited adaptability to the patient's anatomyand require significant skill by multiple individuals to perform theproper cuts. Furthermore, such instruments also involve complex partsdifficult for one person to manipulate, particularly under timerestricted surgical conditions. As with any surgery, the amount of timea patient remains in an orthopedic surgery impacts the patient's safety,recovery and medical expenses.

Another typical surgical instrument used in orthopedic surgery involvesa rod insertable into the medullary cavity of a bone. These rods aredriven into the medullary cavity and used to support a cutting fixtureto determine the position and angle of cuts to the bone. However, theserods are unable to self-align within the femur to obtain the optimumalignment to the patient's skeletal structure. Intermedullary rods havebeen developed that are capable of expanding into the surrounding boneto align and fix the bone. However, these devices fail to conform to theinternal dimensions of the medullary cavity, optimize alignment withinthe bone or provide a single surgical reference point capable ofsupporting a cutting fixture alignable to the patient for performingmultiple orthopedic surgical procedures.

For the foregoing reasons, there is a need for a surgical instrumentwhich would offer relatively high accuracy while providing adjustabilityto the individual patient. Preferably, the instrument would be capableof performing multiple surgical manipulations based on a singlereference point to the patient to enhance accuracy and repeatability. Itwould be further preferable to provide an instrument that performsmultiple functions based on a single fixed support thereby eliminatingthe need for additional procedures and reducing surgical time,preventing blood loss or infection, reducing anesthesia and eliminatingfurther violation or manipulation of soft tissue or bone. It would bemore desirable if the instrument involved minimum complexity so that itcan be easily manipulated and implemented. It would also be moredesirable to reduce the number of instruments and procedural stepsnecessary to perform such surgical manipulations.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The foregoing needs are met by providing a multi-functional surgicaltool with various components capable of performing multiple orthopedicsurgical functions. The invention relates to an expandableintermedullary support alignable within a medullary cavity of a bone.The support comprises a rod, a plurality of longitudinal roller bearingsand a shaft. The rod has a tapered portion defining a longitudinal axisand terminating at a first end thereof. The rod is axially insertableinto the medullary cavity and has an outer surface adapted to engage thebone. The rod also has a plurality of longitudinal slots positionedradially about the rod.

The plurality of longitudinal roller bearings are located in alongitudinal slot and movable therein between a collapsed position andan expanded position. At least a portion of each roller bearing isextendable beyond the outer surface of the rod in the expanded position.

The shaft is located in the rod and axially drivable therein. The shaftis adapted to engage the roller bearings. Axial advancement of the shaftmoves the roller bearings to the expanded position thereby extending theroller bearings into the bone whereby the support is anchored therein incoaxial alignment therewith. Axial retraction of the shaft moves theroller bearings to the collapsed position thereby releasing the rollerbearings from the bone whereby the support is axially removable from themedullary cavity of the bone.

The invention also relates to an orthopedic surgical instrument forresection of a distal end of a femur and a proximal end of an adjacenttibia in preparation for implantation of an orthopedic jointreplacement. The instrument comprises an intermedullary support, acutting guide, a tibial guide and a tibial locking arm. Theintermedullary support comprises an alignment rod having a taperedportion terminating at a first end thereof and defining a longitudinalaxis therethrough. The rod is axially insertable into the distalmedullary cavity of the femur and has an outer surface adapted to engagethe femur whereby the rod is alignable within the femur and provides asurgical reference point. The rod has a second end extending a distancebeyond the distal femur.

The cutting guide is adjustably mountable to the second end of the rodand positionable about the distal end of the femur. The cutting guidehas a plurality of femoral blade slots therethrough. Each femoral bladeslot is adapted to operatively receive a blade whereby the blade isguided to perform osteotomies.

The tibial guide is adjustably mountable to the second end of the rodand positionable about the proximal end of the tibia. The tibial guidehas a plurality of tibial blade slots therethrough. Each tibial bladeslot is adapted to operatively receive a blade whereby the blade isguided to perform osteotomies. The tibial locking arm is slidablymovable along the tibial guide and adapted to engage the proximal end ofthe tibia whereby the tibia is secured relative to the femur.

The invention also relates to a surgical instrument for orthopedicresection of a bone. The instrument comprises an intermedullary supportand a cutting guide. The intermedullary support comprises an alignmentrod, a plurality of longitudinal roller bearings, and an internal shaft.The alignment rod defines a longitudinal axis and has a tapered portionterminating at a first end thereof coaxially insertable into themedullary cavity of the bone and a second end extending beyond the bone.The tapered portion has an outer surface adapted to engage the bone anddefines a plurality of longitudinal slots therethrough positionedradially thereabout. Each roller bearing is located in a longitudinalslot and movable therein between a collapsed position and an expandedposition. The internal shaft is axially movable within the rod andadapted to engage the roller bearings. At least a portion of each rollerbearing extends a distance beyond the outer surface of the rod in theexpanded position. Axial advancement of the shaft moves the rollerbearings to the expanded position thereby extending the roller bearingsinto the bone so that the support is anchored therein in coaxialalignment therewith whereby the rod provides a surgical reference point.

The cutting guide is adjustably mountable to the second end of the rodand positionable about an end of the bone. The cutting guide having aplurality of blade slots therethrough, each blade slot adapted tooperatively receive a blade whereby the blade is guided to performosteotomies.

Finally, the invention relates to a method of resectioning a distal endof a femur and a proximal end of an adjacent tibia in preparation forimplantation of orthopedic joint replacements. The method comprisesseveral steps: The expandable intermedullary alignment rod is insertedinto the distal medullary cavity of the femur. The rod has a second endopposite the first end, the second end thereof extending beyond themedullary cavity to provide a surgical reference point. The rod isexpanded into the bone whereby the rod is alignable thereto andsecurable therein. A tibial guide having tibial blade slots therethroughis mounted to the second end of the rod. A locking arm is slidablypositioned along the tibial guide adjacent the proximal end of the tibiawhereby the tibial guide is secured adjacent the tibia and the tibia issecured relative to the femur. A surgical blade is inserted into thetibial blade slots whereby the blade is guided to perform osteotomies.An adjustable cutting guide having femoral blade slots therethrough ismounted onto the second end of the rod adjacent the distal end of thefemur. The blade is inserted into the femoral blade slots whereby theblade is guided to perform osteotomies.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is schematic cross-section of a patient's humerus with anexpandable intermedullary support of a multi-functional orthopedicsurgical instrument implanted therein to act as a support for fixationof a fracture in the humerus.

FIG. 2 is a top plan view of the expandable intermedullary support ofFIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a side elevational view of the expandable intermedullarysupport of FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 6—6 of FIG. 3 showingthe expandable intermedullary support in the expanded position.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 6—6 of FIG. 3 showingthe expandable intermedullary support in the collapsed position.

FIG. 6 is a perspective view showing the expandable intermedullarysupport of FIG. 4 and an actuator used in combination therewith.

FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-section of a patient's femur with anotherembodiment of the expandable intermedullary support of FIG. 1 implantedin the proximal femur for total joint replacement.

FIG. 8 is a side view of the multi-functional orthopedic surgicalinstrument showing a major cutting guide mounted to the expandableintermedullary support of FIG. 3 inserted in the distal femur of apatient.

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the major cutting guide of FIG. 8.

FIG. 10 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the majorcutting guide of FIG. 9.

FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a minor cutting guide.

FIG. 12 is a side view of the multi-functional orthopedic surgicalinstrument showing a tibial guide mounted to the expandableintermedullary support of FIG. 8.

FIG. 13 is a perspective view of the tibial cutting guide of FIG. 12.

FIG. 14 is a side elevational view of a reamer used in conjunction withthe present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Reference is now made to the present preferred embodiment of theinvention, an example of which is illustrated in the drawings providedherein.

The present invention has the following component parts used to performvarious orthopedic surgical functions: an expandable intermedullarysupport, a major cutting guide, a minor cutting guide and a tibialcutting guide. These parts alone, or in combination, enable a surgeon toaccurately and easily perform multiple surgical tasks, such as fixationof fractures, resectioning of bones and surgical implantation of jointreplacements. As provided herein, the instrument may be used to performorthopedic surgical operations on the femur, tibia and knee joints of ahuman. It will be understood that the surgical instrument may also beused for performing surgical operations on various bones and/or jointsin humans or other mammals. Desirably, the instrument is adaptable tothe surgical needs of the surgeon and/or the anatomy of the patient. Apreferred embodiment may comprise one or more of the component parts toperform one or more surgical tasks.

Referring now to the drawings in general and to FIG. 1 in particular,the humerus bone 10 of a human patient is shown. The bone 10 has amedullary cavity 14 extending axially therethrough and a fracture 12therethrough. Implanted within the medullary cavity 14 of bone 10 is thepreferred embodiment of the expandable intermedullary support 16. Thesupport 16 comprises a rod 18, a plurality of longitudinal rollerbearings 20, and an internal shaft 22 (shaft is shown in FIGS. 4-6).

The support 16 is disposed in the proximal humerus and implantedtherein. As discussed more fully herein with respect to FIG. 12, areamer may be used to drill or ream out the medullary cavity so that itis adapted to receive and/or conform to the shape of the support 16.Alternatively, the support 16 may be driven into the medullary cavity14. As the tissue of the medullary cavity is displaced, an inner surface15 is defined within the bone 10.

As seen in FIG. 1, the support 16 is inserted into the bone 10 andimplanted therein. The support 16 may be permanently or temporarilyimplanted within a bone, to provide internal support and/or internallyalign fractures as will be understood by one skilled in the art. Thesupport 16 may also be partially inserted into the medullary cavity 14such that a portion of the support extends beyond the bone as depictedin FIGS. 7, 8 and 12, as will be discussed more fully herein.

Referring now to FIGS. 2 through 6, the rod 18 of FIG. 1 is shown ingreater detail. The rod 18 preferably has a tapered portion 24terminating at a first end 26, a second end 28 opposite the first end 26and a shank portion 29 about the second end 28. The tapered portion 24has an outer surface 30 adapted to engage the inner surface 15 of thebone 10 when inserted into the medullary cavity 14. Desirably, thecontour of the rod 18 is shaped to conform to the inside surface 15 ofthe bone 10 to increase surface contact between the outer surface 30 ofthe rod 18 and the inner surface 15 of the bone 10. The contour of therod 18 may be selected to conform to the anatomy of a particularpatient's bone(s) or to meet surgical needs.

As shown in FIG. 2, the tapered portion 24 defines a longitudinal axis Apreferably positioned coaxial with the femur. The shank portion 29 ofthe rod 18 has a longitudinal axis B therethrough tilted away from thelongitudinal axis A of the tapered portion 24 of the rod 18 at an acuteangle θ thereto.

The angle θ of the tapered portion may vary based on the particularapplication. It will be understood that the desired angle, if any, isdependent on the anatomy of the patient and the bone at issue. Forexample, as seen in FIG. 2, the desired angle is approximately five (5)degrees. Generally, an angle of about three to seven degrees is used forknee surgeries to conform to the angle of the femur bone to the hip.However, a different angle or no angle at all may be desirable,depending on the surgical needs.

Referring now to FIGS. 4 through 6, the rod 18 has a rod cavity 32extending inwardly from the second end 28 toward the first end 26. Therod cavity 32 defines a plurality of internal threads 34 axiallydisposed within the rod 18. The rod 18 is also provided with a pluralityof longitudinal slots 36 extending into the rod cavity 32. Thelongitudinal slots 36 are generally elliptical holes preferably spacedcircumferentially about the tapered portion 24 and extendinglongitudinally about the tapered portion 24 of the rod 18.

The longitudinal slots 36 are adapted to receive the longitudinal rollerbearings 20. The roller bearings 20 are cylindrical and slightly largerthan the longitudinal slots 36 thereby allowing the roller bearings toenter the longitudinal slots 36 but not escape. Alternatively, otherbearings, such as ball bearings, may be positioned in holes and/or slotsin the rod to achieve the same result.

The roller bearings 20 are radially movable between a collapsed and anexpanded position within the longitudinal slots 36. In the collapsedposition (FIG. 5), the roller bearings 20 preferably are positioned ator below the outer surface 30 of the rod 18 so that the rod 18 remainsmovable within the medullary cavity 14. In the expanded position (FIG.4), the roller bearings 20 extend beyond the outer surface 30 of thetapered portion 24 thereby increasing the outer diameter D of thetapered portion 24 along the longitudinal slots so that the rod 18 maybe expanded into the surrounding bone and anchored therein.

Referring back to FIG. 1, the rod 18 is shown expanded into the bone 10and anchored therein. The roller bearings 20 are extended into the bone10 surrounding the rod 18 to fix the rod into place within the bone. Theroller bearings 20 extend beyond the rod 18, through the inner surface15, into the medullary cavity 14 and into the solid portion of the bone.Depending on the patient, the particular bone at issue, the amount ofextension of the roller bearings and the extent the medullary cavity hasbeen reamed, the roller bearings may extend into the medullary cavityand/or meet or penetrate solid bone. For simplicity, the phrase “intothe bone” will be used to encompass extension of the roller bearingsinto the medullary cavity, inner surface and/or the bone.

The expansion of the roller bearings 20 into the bone creates a rigidcompression fit or fixation which may be used to secure the support inthe bone, align bone fragments and/or insert joint replacements.Preferably, the longitudinal slots 36 are evenly dispersed about the rod18 to enable the roller bearings 20 to symmetrically expand into thebone thereby centering the rod 18 within the medullary cavity 14 andaligning it therein. Alternatively, the longitudinal slots 36 may bespaced or the roller bearings 20 extended to create an offset of the rod18 within the rod cavity 32. This may also be achieved by extending onlysome roller bearings 20 on one side of the rod 18, or by extendingcertain roller bearings 20 more than others.

Referring back to FIGS. 4 through 6, the shaft 22 is located within therod cavity 32 in axial alignment with the rod 18. The shaft 22 has anelongate body portion 40, a tip 42 and a rear end 44 opposite the tip.The rod 18 is longitudinally disposed within the rod cavity 32 with thetip 42 towards the first end 26 of the rod 18, and the rear end 44towards the second end 28 of the rod 18. The tip 42 has a plurality ofthreads 46 threadably connected to the internal threads 34 of the rod18. In the preferred embodiment, the shaft 22 is axially movable withinthe rod cavity 32 as indicated by the linear double headed linear arrows(FIG. 6). The shaft 22 has a tapered outer surface 48 adapted to engagethe roller bearings 20 so that, as the shaft 22 is axially advancedwithin the rod 18, the shaft 22 contacts the roller bearings 20 andextends the roller bearings 20 radially through the longitudinal slots36 in the rod 18 (FIG. 4). As the shaft 22 is retracted, the rollerbearings 20 are released to fall back to the collapsed position (FIG.5). As shown in FIGS. 4 through 6, the tapered outer surface 48 of theshaft 22 conforms to the shape of the rod 18 and enables the shaft 22 touniformly engage the roller bearings 20 and extend them radiallyoutward. The shaft 22 may be provided with any body shape which permitsthe roller bearings 20 to be extended and collapsed to the desiredposition.

As best seen in FIG. 6, an actuator 50 may be provided to axially drivethe shaft 22 and expand the roller bearings 20. The rear end 44 of theshaft 22 is adapted to receive an actuator 50 for driving the shaft 22axially within the rod 18. As shown in FIG. 6, the actuator 50 may be anallen wrench having an bit 52 connectable to the second end of the shaft22 by a socket 54 and capable of imparting a rotational force to theshaft 22 as indicated by the curved double-headed arrows. One or moreextensions, linkages and/or sockets may be used to connect the actuatorto the shaft, or the actuator may be directly connected to the shaft.Other driving tools may be used in place of the actuator as shown, suchas ratchets, wrenches, drills, screw drivers, or other devices known tothose skilled in the art to perform the function of driving the shaft.

As shown in FIGS. 4 through 6, a socket 54 is provided adjacent thesecond end 44 of the shaft 22. The socket 54 comprises a key 56, areceptacle 58 and a link 60 therebetween. The socket 54 is rotatablewithin the rod 18 as indicated by the curved double-headed arrows (FIG.6) and transfers the rotational force of the actuator 50 to the shaft22. The receptacle 58 is adapted to receive the actuator 50 and rotatetherewith. The receptacle 58 has a recess 59 corresponding to aninternal lip 61 in the rod 18 which allows the socket 54 to rotate, butprevents the socket from moving axially within the rod 18. The key 56has a polygonal cross-section insertable into the mated second end 44 ofthe shaft 22. The key 56 is adapted to operatively engage the second end28 of the shaft 22 so that rotation of the key 56 rotates the shaft 22while allowing the shaft 22 to slidably movable along the key 56. Thelink 60 permits the key 56 and the receptacle 58 to negotiate angles inthe rod 18 so that the rotational force of the actuator 50 may betransferred from the actuator 50 around non-linear portions of the rod18, such as shank portion 29, to the shaft 22.

The socket 54 may comprise multiple linkages, joints and othercomponents of various sizes to allow the rotational force to extend fromthe actuator to the shaft. Alternatively, the actuator may be directlylinked to the second end of the shaft, usually when the tilt angle iszero an no extension is necessary (as in FIG. 7).

FIG. 7 shows another embodiment of the intermedullary support 116disposed in a femur 110 of a patient for total joint replacement of apatient's hip. As with the support 16 previously described, the support116 preferably has a rod 18, plurality of longitudinal rollers 20, atapered portion 24 terminating at a first end 26, and a second end 28opposite the first end 26. Essentially, the embodiment of intermedullarysupport 116 shown in FIG. 7 is the same as the intermedullary support 16of FIGS. 1 through 6, except that it is further provided with a curvedshank 129 and a joint implant 131 extending from the shank.Additionally, the embodiment of FIG. 7 differs from the embodiment ofFIGS. 1 through 6 in that it has no socket 54 and the tilt angle θ iszero. The actuator 50 may be directly inserted into actuator hole 133and connected to the shaft (not shown). The actuator 50 is then rotatedto expand the rollers 20 into the bone 110 to fix and align the support116 within the bone as previously described.

The joint implant 131 of FIG. 7 is a ball and socket joint adapted toreplace the hip joint of a patient when the support 116 is inserted intothe proximal femur. The hip joint is replaced by temporarily orpermanently inserting the support 116 into the medullary cavity of theproximal femur and expanding the support 116 therein. The support 116 isfixedly positioned within the proximal femur with the joint implant 131positioned to function in place of the patient's hip joint. While thesupport 116 is depicted in FIG. 7 as a replacement for the hip join, itwill be understood that the support 116 may be adapted for insertioninto any bone and/or provided with a joint implant 131 shaped to conformto and replace other joints in the body.

Referring now to FIG. 8, the major cutting guide 62 is shown mounted tothe expandable intermedullary support 16 inserted into the distal end ofa patient's bone 110 for performing osteotomies. The second end 28 ofthe rod 18 extends beyond the distal end 64 of the femur bone 110 to actas a base for the major cutting guide 62. The major cutting guide 62 ismounted on the shank portion 29 of the rod 18 and positioned adjacentthe distal end 64 of the bone 110 and the proximal end of an adjacenttibia 112. While this embodiment shows the preferred embodiment of themajor cutting guide 62 in combination with the expandable support 16adjacent a distal femur and adjacent tibia, it will be understood thatthe major cutting guide 62 may be mounted to any bone on any deviceconnectable to the desired bone, such as rods, skewers, bolts, and otherdevices that provide an anchor in the intermedullary cavity to supportthe cutting guides.

As shown in greater detail in FIG. 9, the major cutting guide 62 is adevice which is made of several adjustable blocks or plates with bladeslots for making precision cuts to the bone (osteotomies). The majorcutting guide 62 has a posterior template 68, a distal template 70, anda guide member 66 therebetween. The major cutting guide 62 is mountedonto the support 16 and positioned about the bone. The major cuttingguide 62 is slidably positionable along the shank portion 29 of the rod18 and secured thereto.

Guide member 66 has a generally planar body, a duct 79 therein, dualtracks 80 a and 80 b, blade slots 83 a and 83 b and dual extensions 85 aand 85 b. The duct 79 defines an aperture 76 adapted to slidinglyreceive the shank portion 29 of the rod 18. Locking bolt 78 in duct 79secures the guide member 66 to the shank portion 29 of the rod 18. Theguide member 66 is provided with blade slots 83 a and 83 b adapted toreceive and guide a surgical cutting instrument, such as a saw, scalpel,blade or other tool which may be used for performing osteotomies as willbe understood by one skilled in the art. While various shapes and anglesof blade slots are depicted herein, it will be understood that the bladeslots may be of various dimensions and angles as necessary to performthe desired cuts using cutting instruments known to those of skill inthe art.

The extensions 85 a and 85 b are positioned on opposite sides of andextend away from the body of the guide member 66. The extensions 85 aand 85 b form a channel 81 adapted to receive the posterior template 68.Extension 85 a has a slot 82 with a locking bolt 92 therethrough tosecure the posterior template 68 in position within channel 81.Extensions 85 a and 85 b have markings 96 a and 96 b corresponding tomarkings on the posterior template 68 to determine the desired positionof the posterior template 68 to the guide member 66. Rails 72 a and 72 bare disposed in the guide member 66 on the opposite side of the bodyfrom the extensions 85 a and 85 b. The tracks 80 a and 80 b definechannels adapted to slidingly receive the rails 72 a and 72 b of thedistal template 70 as will be described more fully herein.

The posterior template 68 has a generally planar body with a pluralityof blade slots 94 a, 94 b, 94 c and 94 d therethrough, and posteriorgauges 74 a and 74 b thereon. The posterior template 68 is slidablypositionable between the extensions 85 a and 85 b of the guide member66. The posterior template 68 is connected to the guide member 66 bylocking bolt 92. The posterior gauges 74 a and 74 b are positioned alongopposite sides of the posterior template and correspond to markings 96 aand 96 b on the guide member 66. The posterior gauges 74 a and 74 b areused to measure the position of the posterior template 68 to the guidemember 66 and determine the position of the blade slot relative to theintermedullary support 16.

As shown in FIG. 9, the distal template 70 is positioned substantiallyperpendicular to the posterior template 68 and connected to the guidemember 66 by locking bolt 71. The distal template 70 is provided with afirst slotted member 84, a second slotted member 86, and a body portion77 therebetween. The distal template 70 is further provided with aslotted tab 75 and dual rails 72 a and 72 b extending from the firstslotted member 84 and positioned adjacent the guide member 66. The dualrails 72 a and 72 b are inserted into and slidably positionable alongthe corresponding tracks 80 a and 80 b in the guide member 66. The rails72 a and 72 b are provided with distal gauges 87 a and 87 b to measurethe position of the distal template 70 to the guide member 66. The firstslotted member 84 of the distal template 70 has a blade slot 88therethrough substantially parallel to the posterior template 68. Thesecond slotted member 86 has blade slots 90 a and 90 b therethrough atan acute angle to the posterior template 68.

FIG. 10 shows another embodiment of the major cutting guide 162. Thisembodiment shows an alternate form of the apparatus with variousdifferent aspects, such as alternate connectors, adjusters, andtemplates. The major cutting guide 162 has a posterior template 168, adistal template 170, and a guide member 166 therebetween. The posteriortemplate 168 has a pair of grooves 103 a and 103 b with springloadedpegs 98 a and 98 b therein and levers 101 a and 101 b extendingtherefrom. The posterior template 168 has four blade slots 194 a, 194 b,194 c and 194 d therethrough. The guide member 166 has a duct 179, dualextensions 185 a and 185 b and tracks 180 a and 180 b. The distaltemplate 170 has a first slotted member 184 with blade slot 188therethrough, a second slotted member 185 with dual blade slots 190 aand 190 b therethrough, a pair of legs 77 a and 77 b therebetween. Apair of rounded rails 172 a and 172 b and a slotted tab 175 extend fromthe first slotted member 184. Hole 182 a is shown in extension 185 a,but the corresponding hole 182 b in extension 185 b is not shown.

The major cutting guide 162 has an aperture 176 in duct 179 adapted toreceive the shank portion 29 of the rod 18 so that the major cuttingguide 162 is slidably positioned along the shank portion 29 of the rod18 as in the embodiment of FIGS. 8 and 9. In the embodiment of FIG. 10,however, the posterior template 168 has a pair of springloaded pegs 98 aand 98 b extending into holes 182 a and 182 b in the extensions 185 aand 185 b. The posterior template 168 is still slidably positionablewith respect to the guide member 166 between extensions 185 a and 185 b;however, in this embodiment, the pegs 98 a and 98 b may be contractedand released to the control the movement of the posterior template 168.

Levers 101 a and 101 b are disposed in grooves 103 a and 103 b and usedto move the pegs 98 a and 98 b inward and release them from holes 182 aand 182 b in the extensions 185 a and 185 b. The grooves 103 a and 103 bare shaped to retain the levers 101 a and 101 b in the desired position.Once the posterior template 168 is in the desired position, the pegs 98a and 98 b are released to extend into the holes 182 a in the extensions185 a and 185 b to secure the posterior template in position. The forceof springs 105 a and 105 b drive the pegs into the holes 182 a and 182 balong the extensions 185 a and 185 b. Additional variations, such ascurvature of the various components of the cutting guide, may also beemployed.

FIG. 11 shows a minor cutting guide 262 that may be used in combinationwith the intermedullary support 16 for performing osteotomies, such asthe intracondylar notch. The minor cutting guide 262 has parallel beams285 a and 285 b, a mount 277, two parallel cutting arms 268 a and 268 band a distal minor cutting guide 270. Mount 277 is connected to beam 285a and the cutting arms 268 a and 268 b are slidably positionable alongbeams 285 a and 285 b. Distal minor cutting guide 270 is positionedalong beam 285 b between the cutting arms 268 a and 268 b. Beam 285 a isprovided with a scale 267 a and beam 285 b is provided with a scale 267b for measuring the position of the various components along the beams.

As with the cutting guides of FIGS. 8 through 10, the minor cuttingguide 262 is slidingly positionable on the shank portion 29 of the rod18 by disposing the shank portion 29 through an aperture 276 in mount277 and tightening locking bolt 278. Mount 277 is connected to beam 285a via telescoping arm 279 and secured in position with set screw 281.Telescoping arm 279 linearly extends and retracts mount 277 relative tobeam 285 a.

The cutting arms 268 a and 268 b may be secured in position relative torod 18 by slidably positioning the cutting arms 268 a and 268 b alongthe beams 285 a and 285 b. The cutting arms 268 a and 268 b may besecured into position with set screws 292 a, 292 b, 292 c and 292 d. Thecutting arms 268 a and 268 b each define an inner cutting surface 295 aand 295 b for guiding a surgical instrument to perform osteotomies.

Similarly, the distal minor cutting guide 270 preferably is locatedbetween the cutting arms 268 a and 268 b and slidably positionable alongbeam 285 b. The distal minor cutting guide 270 preferably has a bladeslot 288 therethrough for guiding a surgical instrument to performosteotomies. The distal minor cutting guide 270 is also provided with aset screw 289 for securing the distal minor cutting guide 270 inposition along the beam 285 b.

The cutting arms 268 a and 268 b have drill slots 291 a and 291 btherethrough. Drill guide 294 a is slidably positionable within drillslot 291 a and has a drill hole 293 a therethrough. Drill guide 294 b isslidable positionable within drill slot 291 b and has a drill hole 293 btherethrough. The drill guides 294 a and 294 b may be secured into thedesired position within their drill slots via set screws 296 a and 296 brespectively. Adjustable drill holes 293 a and 293 b may be used todrill fenestrations into the bone if necessary.

Referring now to FIG. 12, a tibial cutting guide 100 is shown adjacent apatient's proximal tibia 112 and supported on the expandable support 16.The tibial cutting guide 100 comprises a tibial guide member 102, atibial locking arm 104 and a tibial template 106. The tibial cuttingguide 100 locks the tibia 112 in position at an angle (preferablyperpendicular) to the adjacent femur bone 110 in preparation forsurgeries, such as osteotomies and/or knee replacements.

As best seen in FIG. 13, the tibial guide member 102 has an elongatebody and an aperture 108 at a first end 109 thereof. The aperture 108 isadapted to receive the shank portion 29 (shown in FIG. 12) of the rod 18so that the tibial guide member 102 is slidably positionable along theshank portion 29 of the rod 18 adjacent the distal end 64 of the bone110. When mounted on the support 16, the tibial guide member 102preferably is positioned adjacent the tibia 112 and substantiallyparallel thereto. The guide member 102 has tibial gauges 111 comprisingincremental markings for positioning the tibial template 106.

As shown in FIG. 13, the tibial locking arm 104 has an aperture 113adapted to receive the tibial guide member 102. The tibial template 106is slidably positionable on the guide member 102 and secured in place atthe desired position along the tibial gauge 111 via locking bolt 114.The aperture 113 is preferably shaped to conform to the shape of thetibial guide member 102 so that the tibial locking arm 104 may slidablymove thereon. The tibial locking arm 104 has fixation pegs 117 to securethe locking arm 104 in the desired position adjacent the proximal end118 of the tibia 112. As seen in FIG. 12, the tibial locking arm 104extends away from the tibial guide member 102 and is positioned betweenthe tibia 112 and femur 110. The tibial locking arm 104 is connected tothe proximal end 118 of the tibia 112 into pre-drilled fenestrations(not shown). The pegs 117 are threadably connected to pre-drilledfenestrations located in the proximal end 118 of the tibia 112 to securethe tibial locking arm 104 to the patient's of the tibia 112. In thisposition, the patient's tibia 112 is effectively secured perpendicularto the patient's adjacent bone 110.

The tibial template 106 preferably has a generally rectangular body withan aperture 120 and tibial blade slots 122 a and 122 b therethrough. Thetibial blade slots 122 a and 122 b preferably are parallel to theproximal end 118 of the tibia 112 and bisect the tibial template 106.The tibial blade slots 122 a and 122 b are adapted to receive a surgicalcutting instrument to perform tibial osteotomies as will be understoodby those of skill in the art.

While all of the blade slots and/or surfaces of the major cutting guides62 and 162, the minor cutting guide 262 and the tibial cutting guide 100are depicted at specific angles, shapes and position, the blade slotsmay vary depending on the surgical needs. Moreover, a variety of cuttingguides and templates of various sizes, cutting angles, and dimensionsmay be used in accordance with the present invention. One or morecutting guides may be used on a single patient to perform multipleosteotomies.

Referring to FIG. 14, a reamer 125 for use with the present invention isshown. The reamer 125 has an elongate tapered body, a plurality oflongitudinal drilling blades 127, a tip end 129 and an opposite rear end130. Preferably, the reamer 125 has a tapered portion 132 shaped similaror complementary to the tapered portion 24 of the rod 18. Thelongitudinal drilling blades 127 extend longitudinally along the taperedportion 132 of the reamer 125. Grooves 134 are provided between theblades 127 to enhance the drilling operation. The rear end 130 isadapted to operatively receive a rotational tool, such as the actuator50, a rotational drill or other mechanical device for rotationallydriving the reamer. The reamer 125 is drivable into the medullary cavity14 of a patient's bone 10 to remove tissue from the medullary cavity 14and/or surrounding bone to create a pocket adapted to receive theexpandable support 16. The reamer 125 may also be used to drill outother bones in preparation for other supports, such as support 116 inbone 110.

In operation, the support 16 is inserted into the medullary cavity 14 ofa bone 10 of a patient. The first end 26 of the rod 18 is axiallyinserted into the distal end 64 of the bone, as shown in FIG. 1. The rod18 may be driven axially into the medullary cavity 14 of the bone, orthe medullary cavity 14 may be pre-drilled by the reamer 125 for easierinsertion and/or better fit. The support 16 (or support 116) may beaxially driven into the bone and: 1) implanted therein to repairfractures or provide internal support as seen in FIG. 1; 2) partiallyinserted to act as a joint replacement as shown in FIG. 7; 3) insertedin a bone to support the cutting guide as shown in FIG. 8; and/or 4)partially inserted into a bone to support the tibial cutting guide 100as shown in FIG. 12.

Once the support 16 (or 116) is inserted into the medullary cavity 14,the actuator 50 may then be used to rotationally drive the shaft 22along the internal threads 34 of the rod 18. The actuator 50 rotates theshaft 22 so that the shaft 22 is driven along the internal threads 34 ofthe rod 18. As the shaft 22 moves along the threads 34, the shaft isdriven axially within the rod 18. As the shaft 22 is axially advancedtowards the first end 26 of the rod 18, the outer surface 48 of theshaft 22 engages the longitudinal roller bearings 20 and drives themradially outward to the expanded position. The longitudinal rollerbearings 20 increase the effective diameter of the rod along the taperedportion 24 as they extend into the bone. Preferably, the roller bearings20 extend uniformly about the tapered portion 24 thereby centering therod 18 and placing the rod 18 in substantial coaxial alignment with thebone.

The major cutting guide may be connected to the support 16 to performsurgeries such as osteotomies. The support 16 is inserted into thedistal femur 110 such that the second end 28 extends beyond the distalend 64 of the femur 110 and provides a surgical reference point (FIG.7). The major cutting guide 62 (or 162) is slidably mounted to thesupport 16 adjacent the distal end 64 of the bone 110 by disposing theshank portion 29 of the rod 18 through the duct 79 and tighteninglocking bolt 78. The posterior template 68 may then be positioned alongthe guide member 66 based on the posterior gauges and secured inposition with locking bolt 92. The distal template 70 may also bepositioned along the guide member based on the distal gauges and securedin position with locking bolt 71. Once in position, a surgical blade maybe inserted into the blade slots in the major cutting guide 62 toperform the desired osteotomies as will be understood by one skilled inthe art.

The minor cutting guide may be connected to the support 16 to performsurgeries such as osteotomies. The minor cutting guide 262 is slidablymounted to the support 16 adjacent the distal end 64 of the bone 110 bydisposing the shank portion 29 of the rod 18 through the duct 179 andtightening locking bolt 178. The parallel cutting arms 268 a and 268 band distal minor cutting guide 270 may be secured in the desiredposition along the beams 285 a and 285 b. The drill guides 294 a and 294b are secured in position in the drill slots 291 a and 291 b. Once inposition, a surgical blade may be used along inner cutting surfaces 295a and 295 b to perform the desired osteotomies. A drill may be used tocreate fenestrations in the drill holes 293 a and 293 b in the cuttingarms 268 a and 268 b.

The tibial cutting guide 100 may also be mounted on support 16 toperform surgeries such as osteotomies. The tibial guide member 102 maybe mounted to the shank portion 29 of the rod 18. The locking arm 104 isslidably positioned along the tibial guide 102 based on the tibial gaugeand locked in position adjacent the proximal end 118 of the tibia 112.The locking arm 104 preferably is placed adjacent to the proximal end118 of the tibia 112. In this position, the locking arm 104 secures thetibia 112 into a position at an angle to the bone 110. The locking arm104 may be secured to the proximal end 118 of the tibia 112 with pegs117 threadably connected to pre-drilled fenestrations (not shown) in thetibia 112.

The tibial template 106 is slidably positioned along the tibial guidemember 102 adjacent the proximal end 118 of the tibia 112. The tibialgauge 111 may be used as a reference for determining placement of thetibial template 106. The tibial template 106 may then be locked into thedesired position along the tibial guide member 102 with locking bolt123. Once in position, a surgical blade may be inserted into the tibialblade slots in the tibial template 106 to perform desired osteotomies.Upon completion of the necessary osteotomies, orthopedic kneereplacements may be inserted adjacent the distal end 64 of bone 110and/or the proximal end 118 of tibia 112.

The support 16 may be removed from the patient's bone by reversing therotational motion of the actuator 50 to axially withdraw the shaft 22away from the first end 26 of the rod 18. As the shaft 22 moves towardthe second end 28 of the rod 18, the roller bearings 20 collapse backthrough the longitudinal slots 36 and into the collapsed position withinthe rod 18. In the collapsed position, the roller bearings 20 areretracted as much as necessary to release them from the bone to allowremoval of the support 16 from the bone.

Although the invention has been described with respect to a limitednumber of embodiments, modifications and variations therefrom exist. Forexample, expandable or non-expandable rods of various lengths anddiameters and templates with various blade slots may be used asinterchangeable components to allow for further adjustments to meet thepatient's needs. The appended claims are intended to cover all suchvariations and modifications as falling within the scope of invention.

While the present invention has been described by reference to itspreferred embodiment, those of ordinary skill in the art will understandthat other constructions of surgical instruments for performingorthopedic surgeries are possible which incorporate the disclosedinvention. Such other constructions shall be included within the scopeof the appended claims.

1. An orthopedic surgical system for resection of a distal end of afemur and a proximal end of an adjacent tibia in preparation forimplantation of an orthopedic joint replacement, the instrumentcomprising: (a) an intermedullary support comprising an alignment rodhaving a tapered portion terminating at a first end thereof and defininga longitudinal axis therethrough, the rod axially insertable into thedistal medullary cavity of the femur and having an outer surface adaptedto engage the femur whereby the rod is alignable within the femur andprovides a surgical reference point, the rod having a second endextending a distance beyond the distal femur; (b) a cutting guideadjustably mountable to the second end of the rod and positionable aboutthe distal end of the femur, the cutting guide having a plurality offemoral blade slots therethrough, each femoral blade slot adapted tooperatively receive a blade whereby the blade is guided to performosteotomies; (c) a tibial guide adjustably mountable to the second endof the rod, non-simultaneously with the cutting guide, and positionableabout the proximal end of the tibia, the tibial guide having a pluralityof tibial blade slots therethrough, each tibial blade slot adapted tooperatively receive a blade whereby the blade is guided to performosteotomies; and (d) a tibial locking arm slidably movable along thetibial guide and adapted to engage the proximal end of the tibia wherebythe tibia is secured perpendicular to the femur.
 2. The system of claim1, wherein the tapered portion of the rod defines a plurality oflongitudinal slots therethrough positioned radially thereabout, andwherein the support further comprises a plurality of longitudinal rollerbearings and a shaft located in the rod, each roller bearing located inone of the longitudinal slots and movable therein between a collapsedposition and an expanded position wherein at least a portion of eachroller bearing extends beyond the outer surface of the rod in theexpanded position, the shaft axially drivable in the rod and adapted toengage the roller bearings, wherein axial advancement of the shaft movesthe roller bearings to the expanded position thereby extending theroller bearings into the femur whereby the support is anchored thereinin coaxial alignment therewith, and wherein axial retraction of theshaft moves the roller bearings to the collapsed position therebyreleasing the roller bearings from the femur whereby the rod is axiallyremovable from the femur.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the cuttingguide comprises a guide member mountable on the support and a posteriortemplate slidably positionable along the guide member, the guide memberand the posterior template having some of the femoral blade slotspositionable adjacent the distal femur whereby the blade is guided toperform osteotomies.
 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the cutting guidefurther comprises a posterior gauge capable of measuring the position ofthe posterior template.
 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the cuttingguide further comprises a distal template slidably positionable alongthe guide member, the distal template having some of the femoral bladeslots positionable adjacent the distal femur whereby the blade is guidedto perform osteotomies.
 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the cuttingguide further comprises a distal gauge capable of measuring the positionof the distal template.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the tibialguide comprises an elongate body member and a tibial template slidablypositionable thereon, the body member adjustably mountable to the secondend of the rod and positionable about the proximal end of the tibia, thetibial template positionable about the proximal end of the tibia andhaving some of the tibial blade slots therethrough positionable adjacentthe proximal tibia whereby the blade is guided to perform osteotomies.8. The system of claim 7, wherein the tibial guide further comprises atibial gauge for measuring the position of the tibial template.
 9. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the cutting guide comprises a mount and apair of cutting arms, the mount mountable to the support, the mounthaving a rail adapted to support the cutting arms, the cutting armsslidably positionable along the mount and having cutting surfacespositionable adjacent the distal femur whereby the blade is guided toperform osteotomies.
 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the cuttingguide further comprises a second rail and a cutting block, the secondrail positionable parallel to the first rail, the cutting arms slidablypositionable along the first and second rails, the cutting blockslidably positionable along the second rail between the cutting arms,the cutting block having at least one femoral blade slots therethroughpositionable adjacent the distal femur whereby the blade is guided toperform osteotomies.
 11. A surgical system for orthopedic resection of abone, comprising: (a) an intermedullary support comprising an alignmentrod, a plurality of longitudinal roller bearings, and an internal shafttherein, the alignment rod defining a longitudinal axis and having atapered portion terminating at a first end thereof coaxially insertableinto the medullary cavity of the bone and a second end extending beyondthe bone, the tapered portion having an outer surface adapted to engagethe bone and defining a plurality of longitudinal roller bearing slotstherethrough positioned radially thereabout, each roller bearing locatedin one of the longitudinal roller bearing slots and movable thereinbetween a collapsed position and an expanded position, the internalshaft axially movable within the rod and adapted to engage the rollerbearings, wherein at least a portion of each roller bearing extends adistance beyond the outer surface of the rod in the expanded position,wherein axial advancement of the shaft moves the roller bearings to theexpanded position thereby extending the roller bearings into the bone sothat the support is anchored therein in coaxial alignment therewithwhereby the rod provides a surgical reference point; and (b) a cuttingguide adjustably mountable to the second end of the rod and positionableabout an end of the bone, the cutting guide having a plurality of bladeslots therethrough, each blade slot adapted to operatively receive ablade whereby the blade is guided to perform osteotomies.
 12. The systemof claim 11, wherein the cutting guide comprises a cutting guide memberand a posterior template, the cutting guide member mountable to thesupport, the posterior template slidably positionable along the cuttingguide member, the posterior template having some of the blade slotstherethrough positionable adjacent the bone whereby the blade is guidedto perform osteotomies.
 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the cuttingguide further comprises a posterior gauge capable of measuring theposition of the posterior template.
 14. The system of claim 13, whereinthe cutting guide further comprises a distal template slidablypositionable along the cutting guide member, the distal template havingsome of the blade slots therethrough positionable adjacent the bonewhereby the blade is guided to perform osteotomies.
 15. The system ofclaim 14, wherein the cutting guide further comprises a distal gaugecapable of measuring the position of the distal template.
 16. The systemof claim 15, wherein the bone is a femur adjacent a tibia, wherein theinstrument further comprises a tibial guide mountable to the support,non-simultaneously with the cutting guide, the tibial guide having aplurality of tibial blade slots therethrough adapted to positionablyreceive a blade whereby the blade is guided to perform osteotomies. 17.The system of claim 16, further comprising an elongate body member and atibial locking arm slidably movable along the body member and adapted toengage the proximal end of the tibia whereby the tibia is securedperpendicular to the femur.
 18. The system of claim 17, wherein thetibial guide comprises a tibial template slidably positionable along thebody member, the tibial template having tibial blade slots therethroughpositionable about the proximal tibia whereby the blade is guided toperform osteotomies.
 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the tibialguide further comprises a tibial gauge for measuring the position of thetibial template.
 20. The system of claim 11, wherein the cutting guidecomprises a mount and a pair of cutting arms, the mount mountable on thesupport, the cutting arms slidably positionable along the mount, thecutting arms having cutting surfaces positionable adjacent the bonewhereby the blade is guided to perform osteotomies.
 21. The system ofclaim 20, wherein the cutting guide further comprises a cutting blockslidably positionable along the mount, the cutting block having a bladeslot therethrough positionable adjacent the bone whereby the blade isguided to perform osteotomies.